définition¶
Recouvre plusieurs concepts
« These impacts have been called “loss and damage”, and the policies and measures that deal with them are usually referred to as L&D, or L&D measures or policies. » (Düvel et García-Portela, 2024, p. 1) (pdf)
losses and damages « The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines losses and damages as the “adverse observed impacts and/or projected risks [...][that] can be economic and/or non-economic” (IPCC, 2022a, p. 7). The report further states that these impacts materialize when the limits of adaptation are reached (IPCC, 2022b, p. 6). » (Düvel et García-Portela, 2024, p. 2) (pdf) « Edward Page and Clare Heyward were among the first authors to propose a normative definition of loss and damage. They argued that “loss and damage refer to the unjustified disruptions in the lives of individuals and communities, whether permanent or otherwise, that are attributable to anthropogenic climate change and which remain after mitigation and adaptation efforts have been attempted” (Page & Heyward, 2016, p. 3). » (Düvel et García-Portela, 2024, p. 2) (pdf) « In Mechler’s words: “A ‘Risk Management’ view suggests the main remit of the L&D debate is to highlight opportunities for working towards comprehensive risk management including linkages to national risk management systems and technological solutions” (Mechler, 2017, p. 687). This view, which we call the risk-management approach, is taken to include an ex-ante or forward-looking perspective on loss and damage because it intends to address the negative impacts of climate change before they occur. » (Düvel et García-Portela, 2024, p. 2) (pdf) => d’où la nécessité de modélisation prospective, pour évaluer avant qu’ils arrivent les dommages potentiels
risque intolérable « García-Portela’s argument is that intolerable risks, defined as no longer having the ability to secure valued objectives, are implicitly risks that already affect people’s ability to reach a sufficient level of capabilities. » (Düvel et García-Portela, 2024, p. 3) (pdf)
historique¶
Translation dans les négociations internationales
D’abord mitigation
Puis adaptation
et ce qui n’est pas couvert ça devient des losses and damages « When climate change entered the scene in the late 20th century as one of the most serious problems facing humanity, policy discussion centered around avoiding climate change altogether by mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. » (Düvel et García-Portela, 2024, p. 1) (pdf) Paradigme initial : mitigation > adaptation
caractéristiques¶
Très proche de la notion de compensation
par les moyens (‘means based’) « Page and Heyward also follow Goodin in distinguishing between means-based compensation and ends-based compensation. Means-based compensation is called for when the losses and damages affect people’s means of pursuing their valued ends. For example, if someone’s valued end of cultivating their own food is damaged due to rising temperatures that destroy their crops, they should be compensated with more heat-resistant seeds. » (Düvel et García-Portela, 2024, p. 3) (pdf)
par les fins (‘ends based’) « In these cases, the best we can do is to offer ends-displacement: compensation with other goods and opportunities that make those who have suffered loss “subjectively as well off overall as they would have been had they suffered no loss at all” (Goodin, 1989, p. 60). » (Düvel et García-Portela, 2024, p. 4) (pdf)
Elle même proche de la judiciarisation : climate litigation
« If loss and damage is understood as being about compensation for climate change impacts, then it fits naturally with civil law, and especially tort law, which also focuses on compensating for damages (Boran & Heath, 2016; Hinteregger, 2017; Tigre & Wewerinke-Singh, 2023). For this reason, loss and damage has usually been associated with climate litigation and the prospects of achieving climate justice for loss and damage in the courtroom. » (Düvel et García-Portela, 2024, p. 4) (pdf)
« Climate litigation for loss and damage faces three important philosophical challenges:
first, identifying defendants and establishing the grounds of their responsibility;
States ?
Parties of the COP/CMA/CMP processes
“central unit of agency in the current global political regime”
Companies ?
« Arnold and Bustos (2005) argue that companies can be held morally responsible for the harm they cause because their behavior, at least for post-2001 emissions, can be understood as negligent. » (Düvel et García-Portela, 2024, p. 4) (pdf)
but emissions is not necessarely correlated with liability
« Second, responsibility for emissions does not straightforwardly follow from shares of emissions because some emissions might be justified (and thus exempted from responsibility) for being “subsistence emissions” that are necessary for securing people’s livelihoods (Shue, 1993). » (Düvel et García-Portela, 2024, p. 5) (pdf)
Ignorance ?
Beaucoup d’émissions antérieures à 1970-ish
second, showing that we can reasonably expect to achieve justice through climate litigation;
and third, determining whether environmental impacts can be attributed to anthropogenic climate change. » (Düvel et García-Portela, 2024, p. 4) (pdf)
« To solve this problem, climate scientists have proposed two main attribution methods: the probabilistic approach and the storyline approach. » (Düvel et García-Portela, 2024, p. 6) (pdf)
Non-economic losses and damages
« However, some authors have stressed that not all loss and damage can be valued economically. Examples include cultural heritage, indigenous knowledge, and ancestral homelands. If these are lost or damaged, they cannot be re-acquired in markets or compensated for with money. They are thus considered noneconomic loss and damage. » (Düvel et García-Portela, 2024, p. 7) (pdf)
deux approches distinctes de la modélisation des dommages
Impact studies typically fall into two categories, statistical studies and process model studies, with most studies focused on the agricultural sector (for a comparison of methods used for agricultural impact analyses, see Ciscar et al. 2018). (Fisher-Vanden et Weyant, 2020, p. 472) #comment
Il y a deux manières d’étudier les impacts du changement climatique. Les études statistiques, qui s’intéressent à la probabilité d’occurrence des événements; et les process model studies, qui s’intéressent aux mécanismes et aux processus.
Ce qui m’intéresse plus moi, c’est les processus. Ca permet de bien comprendre les dynamiques, et du coup de pouvoir voir comment ces dynamiques se comportent si on change l’état
exemples¶
Exemples matériels
« Examples of loss and damage have unfortunately become abundant. In August 2016, heavy rainfall resulted in massive flooding in Louisiana, leaving thousands of buildings underwater.1 Thousands of people faced severe health-related problems and 70,000 died in the 2003 European heatwave.2 Ten years later, seven people died in Argentina due to the » (Düvel et García-Portela, 2024, p. 1) (pdf)